Estimation of spatio-temporal groundwater storage variations in the Lower Transboundary Indus Basin using GRACE satellite

• Uncertainty measurement of different GRACE products. EOF analysis to compute spatio-temporal variability in groundwater storage . Groundwater depletion. Impact climate change on storage. In the Lower Transboundary Indus Basin (LTIB), excessive is being consumed combination with surface water meet increasing demand for irrigation and resulting This study employed generalized three-cornered hat method (GTCH) assess uncertainty Gravity Recovery Climate Experiment (GRACE) derived-terrestrial anomalies (TWSA) measurements using (-TWSA) data variance space time derived (GWSA) Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis, respectively. Furthermore, monthly GWSA were estimated Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) model series trend depletion evaluated MannKendal (MK) test Sen’s slope estimator LTIB. The TWSA precipitation depict seasonal characteristics peaks summer dips winter, which reflect variation GWSA, Additionally, it observed that variations exhibit a downward from 2003 2016. results revealed more than 80% total was explained by first 2 modes. showed depleted at rate 4.16 ± 0.26 mm per year (2.97 0.19 km 3 year). Long-term mean remarkable agreements correlation determination (R ) PCRaster Balance (PCR-GLOBWB) 75% WGHM (WaterGap Hydrological model) 81%. GRACE-derived also good 0.69 0.82 situ annual scales, would be insightful calculate agro-economic impact withdrawal.